Ozone loss worse than expected

Better or worse than expected? Aging, learning, and the ERN.

This study examined age differences in error processing and reinforcement learning. We were interested in whether the electrophysiological correlates of error processing, the error-related negativity (ERN) and the feedback-related negativity (FRN), reflect learning-related changes in younger and older adults. To do so, we applied a probabilistic learning task in which we manipulated the validit...

Signaling Aversive Events in the Midbrain: Worse than Expected

Although we know a great deal about how the brain processes information about aversive and appetitive stimuli, it is not clear how these two systems interact to guide behavior. In this issue of Neuron, Jhou and colleagues identify a region in the midbrain tegmentum that signals aversive events and inhibits midbrain dopamine neurons.

The neural mechanisms of worse than expected prediction errors

Learning about conditioned inhibitors, which predict omission of outcome delivery, has been relatively understudied compared to learning about reward predictors. Reward omissions lead to inhibition of dopamine neurons, driven by the lateral habenula, an important region that is also involved in learning about predictors of punishment. How could a conditioned inhibitor, which has no primary puni...

Quinidine. Worse than adverse?

Health of elderly male prisoners: worse than the general population, worse than younger prisoners.

BACKGROUND Assessment of the health of men aged 60 and over in English and Welsh prisons. METHODS 203 men were interviewed from 15 prisons, comprising one-fifth of all sentenced men in this age group in England and Wales. Assessment included semi-structured interviews covering chronic and acute health problems, and recording of major illnesses from the medical notes and prison reception healt...